Autoimmune and inflammatory neurological disorders occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks parts of the brain, spinal cord, optic nerves or peripheral nerves. Conditions include paediatric multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and autoimmune encephalitis. Symptoms may include sudden behavioural changes, confusion, seizures, abnormal movements, weakness, loss of balance, vision problems or reduced consciousness. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to control inflammation and protect neurological function.

Treatment may include corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange or longer-term immunotherapy, depending on the diagnosis and severity. Children may also require seizure management, intensive care and neurological rehabilitation.