Autoimmune neurological disorders develop when the immune system mistakenly targets parts of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, muscles or neuromuscular junctions. Conditions such as autoimmune encephalitis and inflammatory neuropathies may cause seizures, confusion, behavioural changes, memory problems, weakness, numbness, difficulty walking or reduced consciousness. Because some autoimmune neurological conditions can progress rapidly, timely recognition and specialist evaluation are essential. Diagnosis may involve neurological examination, brain or spine imaging, EEG, nerve studies, cerebrospinal-fluid analysis and specialised antibody tests.

Treatment is individualised according to the affected part of the nervous system, severity of symptoms and underlying immune process. It may include corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, immune-modifying medicines or plasmapheresis. Plasmapheresis is a specialised therapy that removes plasma containing potentially harmful antibodies and replaces it with appropriate fluids. Patients may require coordinated care involving neurology, critical care, nephrology, rehabilitation and other specialties, particularly when the condition affects breathing, swallowing, mobility or consciousness.