Congenital brain malformations develop before birth and may affect a child’s movement, development, vision, feeding or seizure control. Hydrocephalus occurs when cerebrospinal fluid accumulates within the brain, potentially causing increased pressure.

Evaluation may involve cranial ultrasound, MRI, CT, neurological examination and developmental assessment. Children who require surgical treatment for hydrocephalus receive coordinated paediatric neurological and neurosurgical care. Treatment options may include shunt surgery or selected endoscopic procedures, depending on the cause, anatomy and age of the child. Long-term neurological and developmental follow-up is important for monitoring growth, learning, movement and seizure control.